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Consuming Citations and References

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Related identifiers for citations and references are shared through DataCite’s APIs.

DataCite Event Data

Citations and references are types of linking events between research outputs. Linking events are relations between two DOIs, or a DOI and a URL. For DataCite DOIs, these are described in DataCite metadata using the relatedIdentifier property. Crossref uses a different method for capturing linking events in the metadata.

When a DataCite DOI is updated to add a related identifier with one of the relationTypes for citations (IsCitedBy/IsReferencedBy/IsSupplementTo) or references (Cites/References/IsSupplementedBy), a corresponding event is created.

Event Data contains a list of events in the “data” section. Here is an example of an is-cited-by event: https://api.datacite.org/events?doi=10.5061/dryad.qjq2bvqhq 

{
  "id": "297c9886-5f6b-4638-82bd-b67973677117",
  "type": "events",
  "attributes": {
    "subj-id": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.qjq2bvqhq",
    "obj-id": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-022-01988-z",
    "source-id": "datacite-crossref",
    "relation-type-id": "is-cited-by",
    "total": 1,
    "message-action": "create",
    "source-token": "28276d12-b320-41ba-9272-bb0adc3466ff",
    "license": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
    "occurred-at": "2022-05-30T05:37:36.000Z",
    "timestamp": "2022-05-30T05:37:37.828Z"
  },
  "relationships": {
    "subj": {
      "data": {
        "id": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.qjq2bvqhq",
        "type": "objects"
    	}
    },
    "obj": {
      "data": {
        "id": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-022-01988-z",
        "type": "objects"
      }
    }
  }
}

This event stems from this relatedIdentifier in the DOI metadata for the subject DOI, 10.5061/dryad.qjq2bvqhq:

<relatedIdentifier relationType="IsCitedBy" relatedIdentifierType="DOI">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-022-01988-z</relatedIdentifier>

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Why does the Event Data response not always match the DataCite DOI metadata for a given DOI?

Event data consists of a series of events over time. If the Event Data response does not match the current DataCite DOI metadata, there could be a number of reasons for this:

  • Removing a related identifier from the DataCite DOI metadata does not remove the corresponding event from event data.
  • Similarly, updating the DataCite DOI metadata may result in a duplicate event being added to Event Data. This duplicate event will not be counted twice in citation/reference counts.
  • Event Data also includes linking events that originated from other related DOIs, from both DataCite and Crossref. These events will have the given DOI as the object (“obj-id”).
  • Event Data only includes linking events between DOIs and DOIs and DOIs and URLs. Other types of relatedIdentifiers are not included.

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At this time, events sourced from Crossref only include links between scholarly literature and datasets. These links are pulled from Crossref's Scholix index. DataCite users can still create relationships between DataCite DOIs and Crossref DOIs with other resource types using DataCite related identifier metadata.

For more information, see the Event Data Guide: DataCite Event Data

DataCite REST API

The DataCite REST API /dois endpoint can be used to query DOI metadata and relationships.

Citations and references are also summarized in the relationships section of the response. For example, one citation for 10.5061/dryad.qjq2bvqhq is summarized in https://api.datacite.org/dois/10.5061/dryad.qjq2bvqhq

"relationships": {
  "client": {
    "data": {
    "id": "dryad.dryad",
    "type": "clients"
    }
  },
  "provider": {
    "data": {
    "id": "dryad",
    "type": "providers"
    }
  },
  "media": {
    "data": {
    "id": "10.5061/dryad.qjq2bvqhq",
    "type": "media"
    }
  },
  "references": {
    "data": []
  },
  "citations": {
    "data": [
    {
    "id": "10.1007/s10336-022-01988-z",
    "type": "dois"
    }
    ]
  },
  "parts": {
    "data": []
  },
  "partOf": {
    "data": []
  },
  "versions": {
    "data": []
  },
  "versionOf": {
    "data": []
  }
}

The “attributes” section contains all core metadata—including relatedIdentifiers—as well as citation and reference counts. Here we can see the source of the citation—the relatedIdentifier with “IsCitedBy” relationType—and the citation count of 1:

"relatedIdentifiers": [
  {
    "relationType": "IsCitedBy",
    "relatedIdentifier": "10.1007/s10336-022-01988-z",
    "relatedIdentifierType": "DOI"
  }
]

"referenceCount": 0,
  "citationCount": 1,
  "citationsOverTime": [
    {
    "year": "2022",
    "total": 1
    }
	]

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Which types of events count as “citations” and “references”?

The citations and references sections of the relationships section summarize events from Event Data.

Citations include events where the given DOI (“A”) is the subject of a citation relationship or the object of a reference relationship:

  • A is-cited-by B
  • A is-referenced-by B
  • A is-supplement-to B
  • B cites A
  • B references A
  • B is-supplemented-by A

References include events where the given DOI (“A”) is the subject of a reference relationship or the object of a citation relationship:

  • B is-cited-by A
  • B is-referenced-by A
  • B is-supplement-to A
  • A cites B
  • A references B
  • A is-supplemented-by B

Only events between a DOI and a DOI are counted. (DOI-URL events are displayed in Event Data, but do not count towards citations and references.)

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What happens if I add more than one related identifier that produces a citation (or reference)?

When multiple relationTypes are used that have the same interpretation, they are not counted more than once.

For example, the following metadata would result in exactly one citation of DOI A by DOI B (10.5438/ExampleArticle):

DataCite DOI metadata for DOI A: 10.5438/ExampleDataset

<relatedIdentifier relatedIdentifierType="DOI" relationType="IsCitedBy">10.5438/ExampleArticle</relatedIdentifier>
<relatedIdentifier relatedIdentifierType="DOI" relationType="IsReferencedBy">10.5438/ExampleArticle</relatedIdentifier>
<relatedIdentifier relatedIdentifierType="DOI" relationType="IsSupplementTo">10.5438/ExampleArticle</relatedIdentifier>

Because all three relatedIdentifiers are for types of citations and point to the same object DOI, the citation is only counted once.

📘

What happens if I add a citation to a dataset’s DOI metadata, but the article also contains a reference to the dataset? Is the citation counted twice?

Connections created in both directions will not be counted twice.

For example, the following metadata would result in exactly one citation of DOI A (10.5438/ExampleDataset) by DOI B (10.5438/ExamplePreprint):

DataCite DOI metadata for DOI A: 10.5438/ExampleDataset

<relatedIdentifier relatedIdentifierType="DOI" relationType="IsCitedBy">10.5438/ExamplePreprint/relatedIdentifier>

DataCite DOI metadata for DOI B: 10.5438/ExamplePreprint

<relatedIdentifier relatedIdentifierType="DOI" relationType="Cites">10.5438/ExampleDataset/relatedIdentifier>

For more information, see the DataCite REST API Guide: DataCite REST API Guide

DataCite Data Metrics Badge

The “Citations” component of the DataCite Data Metrics Badge pulls the total citation counts from the DataCite REST API.

For more information, see Displaying Usage and Citations in your Repository.

DataCite GraphQL API

The DataCite GraphQL API is a good fit for more complex queries of the PID Graph. You can specify the fields and connections that should be included in the query result, including nested connections that traverse the PID Graph.

Here is an example query to retrieve citations and references for a DOI (10.5061/dryad.qjq2bvqhq):

{
  work(id: "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.qjq2bvqhq") {
    id
    relatedIdentifiers {
      relatedIdentifier
      relatedIdentifierType
      relationType
    }
    citationCount
    citationsOverTime {
      year
      total
    }
    citations {
      nodes {
        id
      }
    }
     referenceCount
    references {
      nodes {
        id
      }
    }
  }
}

{
  "data": {
    "work": {
      "id": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.qjq2bvqhq",
      "relatedIdentifiers": [
        {
          "relatedIdentifier": "10.1007/s10336-022-01988-z",
          "relatedIdentifierType": "DOI",
          "relationType": "IsCitedBy",
        }
      ],
      "citationCount": 1,
      "citationsOverTime": [
        {
          "year": 2022,
          "total": 1
        }
      ],
      "citations": {
        "nodes": [
          {
            "id": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-022-01988-z"
          }
        ]
      },
      "referenceCount": 0,
      "references": {
        "nodes": []
      }
    }
  }
}

We can also query for information about 10.1093/gbe/evr081 to show the reference to 10.5061/dryad.qjq2bvqhq:

{
  work(id: "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-022-01988-z") {
    id
    citationCount
    citationsOverTime {
      year
      total
    }
    citations {
      nodes {
        id
      }
    }
     referenceCount
    references {
      nodes {
        id
      }
    }
  }
}

{
  "data": {
    "work": {
      "id": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-022-01988-z",
      "citationCount": 0,
      "citationsOverTime": [],
      "citations": {
        "nodes": []
      },
      "referenceCount": 1,
      "references": {
        "nodes": [
          {
            "id": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.qjq2bvqhq"
          }
        ]
      }
    }
  }
}

For more information, see the DataCite GraphQL API Guide: DataCite GraphQL API Guide

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We are working hard to provide transparent information about data citation to our community and beyond. If you notice any errors or missing citations, please get in touch: [email protected]

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DataCite services that contain citation data rely on an external service: Crossref Event Data. Because of this dependency, citation data is not available in DataCite test environments.

Updated about 1 year ago

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